Earlier this month, PsyBlog wrote a brief summary and synopsis of the current research findings for cognitive enhancers — you know, those things that are supposed to help us improve our minds and our memories. He looked at the commonly cited brain aids: brain training games, drugs, vitamins, medication and physical exercise.
And his conclusion isn’t all that surprising if you’ve kept up in this area over the past few years. Physical exercise is by far the most evidence-based intervention you can engage in (and it also happens to be the easiest and cheapest method).
That didn’t sit well with Alvaro Fernandez, a businessman who runs a site called “Sharp Brains” who took Jeremy to task for his post, but mainly for Jeremy’s audacity for suggesting that one method might have better research backing than another. Alvaro, of course, makes his living selling the idea of “cognitive enhancement” through his brain fitness consulting programs, research reports, and speaking services to big business and other organizations. So anything that might step on his toes suggesting there isn’t a whole lot of science or research backing to such programs services is bound to get his attention (and a lengthy, rambling entry that doesn’t cite any research so much as testimonials, a marketer’s failsafe).
Mind Tweaks weighed in more on the side of Sharp Brains basically suggesting different strokes for different folks. Mind Tweaks is also focused on helping people cognitively enhance their brain, so again, the unspoken conflict of interest remains. (Tori Deaux, the author of Mind Tweaks, is also not a researcher nor psychologist.)
So while the idea of “tweaking” our minds to cognitive enhance ourselves to better, faster, stronger and such is appealing, PsyBlog hit the nail on the head in terms of putting these enhancements into proper research context. It’s all fine and good to talk about the “4 main pillars of cognitive health” or “finding the right balance” approach to one’s mind. But people should be clear they’re talking from a marketing or theoretical perspective — not a research-based one (where psychology and neuropsychology typically operate from).
Faith is a powerful thing. So while it’s fine to suggest the industry is moving faster than the research to back it up is, it’s quite a leap to suggest that an industry (and indeed it is an industry — a growing $225 million/year one at that) knows better than actual researchers with actual data. That’s precisely why history is littered with the remnants of inventions meant to “improve your mind” or “grow your memory” that did no such thing. Faith — or the “placebo effect,” if you will — can help people believe they are doing something to help themselves, and therefore they will feel helped. But until the research foundation has multiple, large-scale controlled studies in its pocket, many of these cognitive enhancement techniques are nothing more than faith-based beliefs in brain enhancement.
Jeremy’s conclusions at PsyBlog are right on:
Even though exercise is the current winner for enhancing cognition, this might change in the future. Maybe better drugs for enhancing brain function will be developed – possibly en route to improved treatments for conditions like Alzheimer’s. Or maybe studies on nutritional supplements, brain training software or particular forms of meditation may provide firmer evidence.
Maybe.
On current evidence exercise is clearly the best method for increasing useful everyday cognitive functioning. And in the future we may even have exercise regimes that are specifically targeted at enhancing cognitive function.
Indeed. Want to help yourself now for free? Take some advice from Michael Marsiske, an associate professor of clinical and health psychology at the University of Florida and a principal investigator in the ACTIVE study in this NPR interview:
“The advice that I think people could comfortably take from this,” Marsiske says, “is that if they challenge themselves to learn new things, including things that they might perceive as difficult in their later years, many older adults will not only achieve benefits from those challenges but those benefits will be long lasting.”
But other researchers say there’s a better way to look at brain health.
“One of the thoughts is that what’s good is to enter old age with as good a brain as possible,” says Margaret Gatz, a professor of psychology, gerontology and preventive medicine at the University of Southern California.
Scientists use the term “cognitive reserve.”
“This is a term that’s being used a lot now by dementia researchers,” says Gatz. “And this is referring to the idea that, as one becomes older and there’s inevitable biological changes to the brain — not just Alzheimer’s processes, but other biological changes — is there enough of a cushion that one can keep functioning just fine?”
In other words, do you already have enough brain power — or cognitive ability — in reserve to keep dementia at bay longer?
Gatz believes that you should start challenging yourself mentally when you’re younger, rather than waiting for old age to take Italian or piano lessons.
Exercise, keep your body healthy (which in turn keeps your brain healthy), and keep yourself challenged with doing something new or different regularly. It doesn’t have to be with special brain exercises or cognitive seminars or training. It’s simply doing the daily crossword or Soduko. It’s taking a walk every day, or bicycling, or going to the gym. It’s trying to figure out a different way to do something at work or in your life that will make things better or easier. It’s taking the longer, more arduous path in your journey, rather than the easy, expected one.
But at the end of the day, it’s really about simple, cheap exercise, as Sandra Aamodt, the editor in chief of Nature Neuroscience writes:
How might exercise help the brain? In people, fitness training slows the age-related shrinkage of the frontal cortex, which is important for executive function. In rodents, exercise increases the number of capillaries in the brain, which should improve blood flow, and therefore the availability of energy, to neurons. Exercise may also help the brain by improving cardiovascular health, preventing heart attacks and strokes that can cause brain damage. Finally, exercise causes the release of growth factors, proteins that increase the number of connections between neurons, and the birth of neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region important for memory. Any of these effects might improve cognitive performance, though it’s not known which ones are most important.
So instead of spending money on computer games or puzzles to improve your brain’s health, invest in a gym membership. Or just turn off the computer and go for a brisk walk.
I’m going for that walk!
20 comments
Excellent!
All this hype had me brainwashed.
Dear John,
Let me suggest you do go for that walk. Especially if you have been falling into sedentary habits lately, which may explain the quality of your post. However, if you regularly do 20-30 minutes of aerobic exercise 3 times per week or so, you may want to try other approaches.
Let me also suggest, based on the interview with Art Kramer we just published in our blog, that you take along a friend and a good book to discuss.
You take me to task for daring to suggest to Jeremy that there is more than physical exercise to think of. You end up with “Exercise, keep your body healthy (which in turn keeps your brain healthy), and keep yourself challenged with doing something new or different regularly.”
Which was precisely my point to Jeremy. If anything, I would simply add “and please manage stress better”.
When you have some time and willingness to process new information, I encourage you to spend a little more time in our website, perhaps reading that interview with Art Kramer, my post yesterday debunking the myth of “brain age”, our series of over 15 interviews with leading cognitive neuroscientists and psychologists, and the frequent contributions by over a dozen scientists on a variety of cognitive health topics.
One of whom, by the way, is offering tomorrow a piece of the cognitive benefits of physical exercise you may find enlightening.
And, please, reread the blog post you are critizing. It is not a meta-analysis and it wss not meant to be. It was simply a blog post meant to engage the readers’ thinking abilities-which you chose not to do.
I find it fruitless to embark on this type of artificial controversy. What is the sex of the angels, or whether it is physical or cognitive exercise that matters most, as if they are somehow mutually exclusive. It is highly misleading to state or imply that there is one research-based magic pill that works best for every person and for every cognitive purpose. Research does not support-does not even come close- to the “one size fits all” you seem to endorse.
Your readers deserve better. I’d be happy to have a constructive conversation if you are interested. I do fail to see how numerous, superfluous, and misleading ad-hominem attacks contribute to the public discourse.
Perhaps I need a walk too.
Have we all been blinded by the $ signs? This website replaces something so obvious that I’m suprised no one has said it clearly. These cognitive enhancers manufactured to get on the ‘brain training’ wagon, regardless of how self-righteous they come across, are a replacement for so many general things. You are taking time out from practicing the violin (which could be seen to build hand-eye coordination, working memory, imagination and so much more) to play a computer game (which claims to improve hand-eye coordination, working memory, imagination and so much more). The example isn’t perfect, and you would need to do a variety of things, like painting, climbing, music making, programming, etc. but we do don’t we? even in an office job we do tasks that work on the sort of things that mind tweaks etc. claim to. If a healthy range of activities are as effective as ‘brain training’ and the like, then we won’t see a difference in studies which are truly without demand characteristics, experimenter bias or any of the other nasties that a heavily subsidised professional, deliberately or more likely otherwise, would have creep in. Surely society isn’t so lazy that these computer programmes are replacing total inactivity.
J.
Like snake oil peddlers from days of yore, the new snake oils are these “brain enhancement” pills, techniques, books and seminars.
Indeed, James make a valuable point — engaging in everyday activities we used to do as a matter of course is slowly being replaced by their virtual equivalents. And nobody knows what ramifications this will have for our brains or health.
As a composer, I find that the efficiency of my music output is heightened by the well being of my physical health. Walking and light exercise have always been an important element in my life. Thanks for your article.
I find it deliciously ironic that you would address the work of Tori Deaux whom you feel compelled to point out is neither a researcher or a psychologist, on the same page of your site on which an advertisement appears to “turn on your brain from Getimusic. A little consistency if you please.
Great post. As with all things, the hype often doesn’t correlate with the science (otherwise we’d be getting our power from Con Tesla rather than Con Edison!)
But… If someone already exercises, eats healthily and avoids stress, there is now a reputable scientific method for increasing brain function.
If you haven’t seen Susanne Jaeggi and Martin Buschkuehl’s study on Training Working Memory (PNAS), you should check it out. Jaeggi and Buschkuehl’s team recorded increases in mental agility (fluid intelligence) of more than 40% after 19 days of focused training with a dual n-back progressive method.
I was so impressed that I developed a software program using the same method so that anyone can achieve these improvements at home.
(IQ Training Program)
Martin
mind evolve, llc
this is a well-researched post and the rest is pretty interesting.With the use of training programs such as these, a person is oriented and introduced to a simpler and better way of making things possible. Involving yourself into courses such as these will surely give more life and easiness to all the tasks that you are about to deal with every day. You are allowed to effortlessly manage everything with the use of these training and learning programs.
Is meditation for training our brain?
Be happy to have a constructive conversation if you are interested. I do fail to see how numerous, superfluous, and misleading ad-hominem attacks contribute to the public discourse it was nice to have that Mind Training and also Motivational Training…. thanks…
Great conversation, please check out the new website that gathers the latest information and offers unlimited online brain training. http://www.thebrainwizard.com.