Genetic testing allows individuals to submit a genetic sample to a company, which then analyzes the genes for known anomalies or other problems. The idea is that by having that information, you may be able to be more aware of potential health problems down the road. Or even stave them off before they become a problem by changing your behaviors, diet, and exercise regimen. Companies like 23andme and Navigenics provide genetic DNA testing reports that purportedly tell you your risk factors for getting not only certain medical conditions, but also mental disorders, like bipolar or attention deficit disorder.
This may work fine for some very well-defined health issues, like heart disease (although a recent government investigation into these companies’ abilities to provide even this information reliably suggests some problems). But it doesn’t work at all for any mental disorder.
Two years ago, I wrote that I thought genetic tests for mental health problems are largely scams. Today, I’m here to reaffirm that our understanding of the causes of mental disorders has progressed very little in two years. And so genetic testing for a mental disorder vulnerability is still very much suspect. It is not recommended, as I don’t see a person getting much value for their money.
Let’s take a look at bipolar disorder, one of the most serious and devastating mental disorders. A review by two National Institute of Mental Health researchers of the heritability of bipolar disorder through genes suggests a grim picture (Schulze & McMahon, 2009):
After close to a century of genetic studies, bipolar disorder is emerging as a complex (non-Mendelian) disorder with a polygenic etiology. The search for common genetic variants with small effects by GWAS will probably have to be complemented by approaches that can detect rare genetic variations with larger effects, such as copy number variants.
What this means in plain English is that bipolar disorder’s genetic components are likely to be found on many, many different genes — there is no single gene that accounts for bipolar disorder. Nor is such a gene ever likely to be found. It’s a complex, subtle interaction going on here, and one that no current genetic testing can pick up on to help you determine your susceptibility to this disorder.
So it begs the question — why do genetic testing companies even target this disorder, when they know our knowledge about the genetic causes of it is in its very infancy and can tell a single individual very little about their own personal risk factor? I don’t know. The 23andme sample report page on bipolar disorder, for instance, doesn’t mention this fact at all, until you scroll down to the very bottom of the page and you get this paragraph in obtuse language:
Scientists know that bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component, but finding variations associated with the condition has been difficult. The SNPs that have been identified, including the one reported here, explain only a fraction of the genetic contribution to the disease.
Here, let me translate, “Our data on this disorder will be useless to calculate your individual risk factor. But we’ll report it anyway, making it seem like you’re getting some sort of valuable information from our report.”
This is modern day snake oil, in my opinion. The research on the genetics of mental disorders remains very much in its infancy, yet companies are selling you hope that their DNA testing will reveal something of value to you. They do this to make their market as broad and as wide as possible, otherwise they risk not making enough money back to their investors. Regardless of the scientific validity of what they’re selling. This is a simple matter of marketing and money trumpeting the science and data.
Perhaps in a decade or two, we’ll be in a much better position to understand the genetic foundations of many common mental disorders. But as of today, that understanding remains in its infancy. And companies looking to profit off of people’s ignorance and fears about these concerns should be ashamed of themselves.
Read the full article: Navigenics, 23andMe slammed in government report
16 comments
Solving the genetic puzzle of mental disorders requires large cohorts of individuals and a better way of capturing phenotypic data well beyond the limitations of DSM-IV. 23andMe has created a new model of research that enables a much closer relationship to the study “subjects” through the web. Giving people the ability to report on all aspects of their lives–not just limited to their ‘disease’–enriches the dataset. We believe this holistic approach (while admittedly less pristine than the traditional model) is worth pursuing and could result in new discoveries.
As far as how the current state of knowledge around genetic associations is reported by DTC services, I would ask that you fully research each company’s offering before making sweeping statements as if they’re all identical.
The GAO study was poorly designed and reported in a very skewed, confusing and manipulative way. Everyone should question the motivation behind this smear campaign–one would hope that our government officials were less biased. Please read 23andMe’s response here, http://spittoon.23andme.com/2010/07/23/gao-studies-science-non-scientifically/.
Isn’t this eugenics revisited?
This campaign aimed at 23andme is a backlash against Sergey Brin’s temerity to cirumvent the established (and ineffective, almost to the point of being nonfunctional)avenues for clinical study. There IS NO useful clinical trial info for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease; Brin is attempting to amass as much data as he can thru this foundation to determine what genetics are implicated in Parkinson’s. Yeah–How dare he. what’s the downside–Brin might find something useful Big Pharma cannot patent and sell to those with neurodegenerative diseases for egregious amounts of $$$?
Why is the FDA not focusing upon the enormous numbers of individuals who die every year from adverse effects from drugs “legally” prescribed and sanctioned by this very govt agency? Is adverse drug effects not now the 4th leading cause of deaths in the US? But let’s all get on the band wagon and protect those citizens who wish to pay from their own pockets for information about their genetic make up. If these individuals cannot interpret the results, find a geneticist who can. But PLEASE stop trying to protect us from panicing from information which we pay to receive. Go investigate why the death rate from drugs is so incredibly high! Perhaps starting with the high suicide rates from life style antidepressant drugs could be first on the agenda.
There is one avenue of clinical study which I incorrectly did not mention that DOES have great potential for Parkinson’s patients: the use of GDNF. The same nerotropic factor Amgen pulled out of clinical trial ostensibly because of lesions found in a couple of monkeys’ brains and some antibody formation in some of th patients’ serum. The parkinson’s community believes the withdrawl was ALL due to the great costs of delivering the neurotropic factor; that it had nothing to do with the findings in monkeys and patients’ serum. Amgen has FINALLY licensed this factor to another small pharmnaceutical co, MedGenesis, to be utilized in clinical trials.
The study of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity in relation to blood sugar and Blood Pressure levels-has NEVER been addressed by orthodox medicine(aka-Medical Mafia)WHY is there a nation of morbidly obese people-young and old?
Air quality has become increasingly toxic over the years.From my own research(on myself)-I can prove that MCS is related to blood sugar and Hypertension-but why believe me?–I am not a mouse-Jennifer
I am an undergrad student writing a paper about genetic counseling and after having read what has been published I could not agree with you more that genetic testing is a rip off. While science has come a long way it is no where near pedicitive which is what families are looking for when they come for help.
I truly wish there were a “like” button on the website for articles like this!
Thank you again, DocJohn!
Peace!
There is a Like button on this article — right above my picture! Glad you enjoyed it. 🙂
I have been extremely close to 4 generations of males, all affected by the same mental health disorders. Do you have an e-mail address that I can write to for your opinion and would you definitely reply?
23andMe states that it isnt for medical diagnoses and some of it for entertainment purposes, many times on their site.
This kind of stuff is NOT for the average person, thats the problem, but it is not snake oil. You pulled an excerpt from their page that states exactly what you have said, so they are not touting any scam, but because you had to translate for the average/laymen person to understand CLEARLY speaks in favor of my point.
Nowhere on the bipolar test page does it mention the word “entertainment.” How could a serious genetics company be focused on just providing “entertaining” information anyway, if that were true?
Indeed, no genetic tests are meant to diagnose a condition. That’s not my point.
My point was that these tests tell you nothing of value about mental illness like bipolar disorder. They should not be selling people on this information when having such information is akin to flipping a coin in terms of its usefulness to the average person.
(Now, on the other hand, genetic tests can be great to help you determine your disease susceptibility for some medical diseases and cancers… but that’s not the focus of this article — mental illness is.)
The reason that the FDA shut down 23and me is because I got so much information for $98.00 and the other genetic testing labs costs are in the thousands. It’s all about money like almost everything else! On the first page of my report I saw myself (bipolar) and my parents (Parkinson’s disease and bladder cancer), and my grandparents illnesses as my first health risk. I couldn’t believe it! I had several Bipolar gene mutations and I’ve had Bipolar for 25 years. It also gave me a few pages on what medications are best for me and I have already found out which Bipolar meds work for me and they had it down exactly! I recommend to anyone who can get one of the test to get it because they are valuable and shouldn’t be held back from the people!!!
Denise, I just don’t believe what you are saying is the whole truth. I think you had already informed them of your family history . Or you are here lieing in order to promote this kind of testing, which is only real goal is the dollar sign.
While genetic tests for establishing whether or not you have a psychiatric disorder may currently not be effective, I wish you’d included something about genetic testing for psychopharmacology.
The FDA allows, for example, the use of information about certain genetic markers in deciding use and dosage of a certain set of drugs. These tests can be ordered by physicians through companies such as Genomind and Genesight with very little cost to the patient. And provide useful information about drug metabolism. Yet many physicians are either unaware or reluctant to use them even when the traditional trial and error approach to psychiatric drug prescription is failing spectacularly for a certain patient.
For me personally, its been very valuable. Having had serious reactions to small doses of common SSRIs and then having my psychopharm doubt my side effect reports leading to ER visits and ER determining overdose at what’s normally a minimum dose, its been valuable to do these tests and have studies affirm that folks with certain gene markers that I have can’t tolerate SSRIs.
As a scientist myself, I’ve been quite disappointed at the dismissal of real patient concerns about serious side effects and the trial and error approach in general. For patients with a history of drug interactions, genetic testing that the FDA has approved for usage in drug dosing should be more commonly used. Trial and error may get you the right answer in the end but at the cost of the patient’s quality of life and their trust in the ability of psychiatry to help them. Why not use evidence based medicine when you can?
I’ve been doing as much research as I can on this topic because I’m so worried what can be passed down to my future children. My fiance and I want to eventually have children, only thing is, mental illness/disease seems to be a reoccurring trait in immediate members of his family (mother,aunt, sister) even he is plagued with some tough anxiety problems. I definitely believe a lot of this has to do with the family’s environment and how both of those generations grew up but I also believe it has to be aomething within those genes as well.
Is there anything I can do as prevention for my children? Or, do I just have to let nature run its course and hope for the best..?
It’s not a diagnostic tool, it shows you your risk factors. Just because I’m at risk for mascular degeneration doesn’t mean my eyes are going to implode any second now. My grandma and dad have eye issues so yeah, without doing the test, I’d figure that I might have some similar issues in the future. But I’m not stupid enough to see it on a DNA test and assume “I WILL GO BLIND FOR SURE!”
I took an AncestryDNA test (yay, sales!) and ran my raw data through Promethease, it’s a valuable tool for anybody who’s willing to do their research. There’s no guarantee that I’ll deal with macular degeneration, but I can at least take steps to potentially avoid it and other health issues that I’m at risk for. I don’t recall my results mentioning diabetes, but that’s not a guarantee that I’ll never get diabetes either.
Not gonna lie, seeing somebody with a PhD encourage hysterics and boycotting instead of explaining the above sentence in layman’s terms is pretty disappointing. Did PsychCentral push you to write this trash for the tinfoil hat ad revenue?
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